Law Reform Marriage and Divorce - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1272 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Divorce Essay Marriage Essay Did you like this example? Analysis of Section 88(2) and The Welfare Principle Section 88(2)[1] of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"In deciding whose custody a child should be placed the paramount consideration shall be the welfare of the child and subject to this the court shall have regard to the wishes of the parents of the child; and to the wishes of the child, where he or she is of an age to express and independent opinion.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Section 88(2) gives the jurisdiction to the court on the matter placing the custody according to the situation. Under Section 88 (2) (a) of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 said that custody of a child can be decided with the regards to the wishes of the parents of the child which is also being emphasize in Section 11 of the Guardianships of Infant Act 1961. However in practice, the application of Section 88 (2) (a) is only relevant when other parties are involved in the custody of the child as usually the custodial battle only happens between parents and no one else. This can be seen in the case of Chuah Thye Peng Anor v Kuan Huah Oong[2] where a child at the aged of seven was left orphaned and the caregiver was the maternal grandmother after the death of their parents in a plane crash. The paternal grandparents applied for custody of their grandchild. It was then disclosed that the welfare of the infant can be served together by both parties. However the court gran ted the custody of the child to the paternal grandparents due to religion reasons. The deceased parentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ wishes was for the infant to be brought up with proper guidance in the Buddhism which the paternal grandparents are actually Buddhist. If the custody was given to the maternal grandmother, the wishes of the parents will not be fulfilled as the maternal grandmother was a Methodist (Christian). Section 88(2)(b) of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 indicates that the custody of the child can be decided with the regards to the wishes of the child in condition that the child is of age that is able to express an independent opinion. A child opinion is taken into consideration as it is stated in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child[3] which can be seen in Article 12. However it is up to the judges to decide based on whether the opinion given by the child is reliable enough to put a weight on the case. The opinion of judges varies accordingly to t he situations. In the case of Manickam v Intherahnee[4], an appeal was made to the Federal Court as the previous court didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t question the opinion given by a 8 year-old child. However, the Federal Court held that the child at the age of 8 years was not capable to express any independent opinion on his preferences due to reasons of that he was in the custody of one parent and his family which favouritism might be an influence towards his judgement. The opinion of the child will only be considered if it is consonant with childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest. The judge in the case of Chang Ah May V. Francis Teh Thian Sar[5] said that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Now it has been judicially accepted that if a child is old enough to express its own wishes, the court will consider them, not so that it can give effect to those wishes but to be better to judge what is best for the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s welfare. It must also be remembered that if the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ s own wishes are so contrary to its long-term interests, the court may feel justified in disregarding them altogether[6].à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The Welfare Principle The Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 and also the Guardianship of Infant Act 1961 usually becomes the dominant law in deciding the proceedings concerning a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s upbringing or the administration of a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property. The Child Act 2001 dictates the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s overriding consideration shall lie in the welfare of the child. The court has to make decisions and choices in the favour of the welfare of the child before any other matters to be decided. This mean welfare of the child bring beneficial to help to pursue to the right way for the child. There are many example of child that would be needing for welfare principle such as those has been neglect, forsake or exposure of children as stated under Chapter 3 in Child Act 2001. The victim(s) should be given more ant ecedence in order to make them feel safer around each other. In proceedings involving family law, a child is defined as an individual under the age of 18 and therefore. In a definitive English cases such as J. Anor. V C. Ors, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"overriding consideration of a children welfare defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a process whereby, when all the relevant facts, relationship, claims and wishes of parents, risks, choices and other circumstances are taken into account and weighted, the course to be followed will be that which is most in the interests of the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s welfare[7].à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ In a decided Malaysian case of Mahabir Prasad v Mahabir Prasad, the judge drafted the factors that must be regarded in order to decide on the question of the welfare of the child as the paramount consideration. Ajaib Singh J (as he then was) said: It is well established that in an application for custody of a child the court will in exercising its discretion reg ard the welfare of the child concerned as the first and paramount consideration. It is equally established that this does not mean that the court will not take other relevant factors into consideration. Indeed in order to decide on the question of the welfare of an infant as of paramount importance it is necessary to take into account such matters as the conduct of the parties, their financial and social status, the sex and age of the child, his wishes as far as they can be ascertained depending on the age of the child, the confidential reports which a social welfare officer may put up and whether in the long run it would be in the greater interest, welfare and happiness of the child to be with one parent rather than with the other. But always it is the welfare of the child which is of paramount importanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[8]. However the meaning of welfare is not properly defined in the Child Act 2001, hence a proper guidance is provided to show the relevant considerations whic h are to take to place by the judge. In the circumstance as mentioned, a court should view in particular to: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Law Reform Marriage and Divorce" essay for you Create order the discoverable wishes and feelings of the child involved (considering the aspect of his age and understanding) his emotional, physical and educational necessity the possible consequence on him of any changes in his conditions any damage which he has suffered or he is at the possibility of suffering his age, sex, family history or any characteristics of his which might interest the court to consider it relevant to the proceedings the ability of each of his parents or any other party in relation to whom the court conceives the question to be relevant, is of meeting his needs; the range of powers which are conferred to the court under the Act concerning the proceedings. This guidelineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main aim are to achieve uniformity in the method of dealing with the proceedings of the court. [1] Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 s 88(2) [2] [1978 ] 2 MLJ 217 [3] Convention on the Rights of the Child (United Nations Human Rights ) https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx accessed 26 December 2014 [4] [1985] 1 MLJ 56. [5] [1991] 1 CLJ 309. [6] Ibid., pp. 312-313 [7] [1970] AC 668, pp.710-711 [8] [1982] 1 MLJ 189.

Jane Addams in Action Essay - 3556 Words

Action is inherent in the tasks of a social activist. Ideas alone are not enough. Though the development of philosophies and manifestos is the basis for every social movement and every stride toward social justice, without social action and the social activist, little can ever be accomplished. The great social activist must, by definition, be the great social action taker. Jane Addams was the epitome of such an action taker. Addams herself believed that ideas were not enough. She was not satisfied to live a life of ideological morality. Instead, she felt that true moral living could only be accomplished through action (â€Å"Dream† 84). Embodying the very vision she stood for, Addams put her convictions into action. Over the course of 46†¦show more content†¦In addition, John H. Addams was a personal acquaintance of Abraham Lincoln, whom young Jane Addams idolized (â€Å"Dream† 7). It is from her father that Addams seems to have developed a sense that civic res ponsibility is innate in both the democratic and Christian mission. Upon his death in 1881, when Addams was only 20 years old, she wrote of him, â€Å"He was the uncompromising enemy of wrong and of wrong doing. He was a leader as well as a safe and fearless advocate in right things in public life (Davis 26).† Addams’ life was also shaped by her womanhood. As a member of one of the first generations of women to attend college, Addams was confused and frustrated by the possible paths she could take in life. She was highly educated and privileged but lacked any useful enterprise to pursue (Brown 213). Additionally, she believed that, as a woman, she had a responsibility to her â€Å"nurturing instinct† (Davis 212). Though Addams would be a passionate supporter of the women’s suffrage movement, she was not a feminist as they are understood today. Certainly, she believed that women should be the equals of men, but she believed that their value to society came specifically from the ways in which they were innately different from men. In her mind, the nature of women predisposed them to greater awareness of and action against suffering, greater desire for social justice, and greater advocates for peace. These influences, along with literary figures such as George Eliot,Show MoreRelatedThe Progressive Era Of Chicago1177 Words   |  5 Pages The Progressive Era began in the year 1890 through 1920; During this time many things in the country were evolving such as Social Justice, Government Efficiency, Suffrage Movements, Prohibition, and the list continues. Jane Adams being a fighter and standing up for what she believed in was described as being â€Å"bold as a lion† (20 yr) growing up and, through her adult years when initiating change in the way the government and society assist with the impoverished. Adams established the Hull HouseRead MoreWomen s Rights And The Feminism Movement Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pageswomen’s rights based on social, political, and economic equality to men. Jane Addams gave a speech and published a book about it called A Modern Lear, which addressed the Pullman strike and other labor issues that arose at the time. The title is ironic because it includes Lear which refers to the William Shakespeare play she addresses in the book. Women in the twentieth century were treated as a lesser compared to men and Jane Adams ideas share some similarities to other feminist of the time, men’sRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement865 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"a wise woman wishes to be no one’s enemy; a wise woman refuses to be anyone’s victim† (Angelou). As one of the greatest role models for women, Angelou expressed these words that reflect the actions of Jane Addams and Elizabeth Cady Stanton during the Women’s Rights Movement in the United States. Jane Addams and Elizabeth Cady Stanton lived at the turn of the century where women were discriminated on based on gender and their inexistent role in society. These women refused to be taken for grantedRead More Jane Addams and the Progressive Movement Essay1388 Words   |  6 PagesJane Addams and the Progressive Movement Works Cited Not Included Jane Addams is recognized as a social and political pioneer for women in America. In her biography, which later revealed her experiences in Hull House, she demonstrates her altruistic personality, which nurtured the poor and pushed for social reforms. Although many of Addams ideas were considered radical for her time, she provided women with a socially acceptable way to participate in both political and social change. She defiedRead MoreJane Addams, An Advocate Of Immigrants, The Poor, Women, And Peace1351 Words   |  6 PagesExplain who created the source and why. Jane Addams was an upper class woman who thought it was her job to help others. Addams was an advocate of immigrants, the poor, women, and peace. In 1889, she created the hull house. The Hull house was created to help female immigrants become assimilated to the American life style by helping get them a job, learn the language, and receive an education. So it was no surprise that in in 1915, Jane Addams wrote the life-changing article â€Å"Why Women Should Vote†Read MoreJane Addams : A Life Of Dignity1109 Words   |  5 Pagesever seen or thought of an ongoing problem and wanted to do something about it. Well Jane Addams did that, she took action in a problem at a very young age. She saw all the poor and the less fortunate and helped them. Through the hardships, life in the fast lane, and medical issues, she helped many people start their lives all over. So, how did Jane Addams go from a life of privilege to a life of servitude? Jane Addams was many things. She was a pacifist which means she was anti war supporter. She wasRead MoreEssay about Jane Addams and Assignment1431 Words   |  6 Pagespossible nominee, indicate to what extent, if any, he or she meets each criterion. |Possible Nominee |Criterion #1 |Criterion #2 |Criterion #3 |Criterion #4 | |Jane Addams |Establishes Hull-House In | | | | | |Chicago, helping to launch the| | Read MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesThe feminist movement came to fruition during the early 20th century. Over all, the push for women s suffrage and rights was strong, but further enhanced by leaders like Alice Paul and Jane Addams. The idea of equal rights for all was further scrutinized and contested after civil rights were granted to former slaves. Women began to push for similar equality as illustrated through the feminist movement. The feminist movement became very large and sprouted subsections, one being a subsectionRead MoreProgressives And The Progressive Era1253 Words   |  6 Pagesimmigration. As well as, the unfavorable distribution of power and wealth. Progressives believed strongly that problems such as these needed immediate action. Progressives existed in churches, organized labor, local political life, organizations and progressives of high education. Progressives wanted to make America better through inniatives, arranged action, idealism and social scientific research. Progressive had a tendency to expect the best possible outcome of situations. By, the 1920’s, progressivesRead MoreThe Progressive Era1112 Words   |  5 Pagesemployment. Whereas, women were commonly expected to pertain to the private sphere and follow the expectations of a true American women-in the society-as house wives. Women in the 19th century didn’t not have the opportunity to take part in political actions n or decisions. Because of their risk taking and their goal to work together to make a life changing reformation we now have the right to vote, testify in court and have higher education. Women’s lives were shaped by the â€Å"Cult of true Womanhood† where

Election a benchmark election Free Essays

string(55) " of the last era of presidencies in the United States\." The united States survived this conflict under Abraham Lincoln, the Republican from Illinois. After the war ended, Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party were viewed as heroes. They had ended slavery in the United States and won the war. We will write a custom essay sample on Election a benchmark election or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most importantly they were able to keep a nation, divided by a monumental issue such as slavery seen as creating Irreconcilable differences, together. As a result of the viewed successes of the Republicans during this era, they were able to dominate the White House, even though Lincoln Vice President, Andrew Johnson, as a Democrat. Johnson would only serve one term in office after Lincoln assassination, due to the poor policies he would enact as president. The following US Presidents would be Ulysses S. Grant, a Republican war hero, and three more Republicans, Hayes, Garfield and Arthur, before another Democrat would become president. The most successful president of the era was Abraham Lincoln who Is widely considered the greatest president in US history for his accomplishments during the Civil War. On the other hand Andrew Johnson is considered one of the worst, and is one of only two presidents to be impeached. Lincoln achievements, coupled with the distrust of southern Democrats after the Civil War, paved the way for Republicans to control the White House for the latter half of the 19th century. SYSTEM OF 1896 (1897-1933) The System of 1 896, also known as the Progressive Era, was another span of time that was dominated by the Republican Party, for all except an eight-year gap where a Democrat held the White House. The trend started under President McKinley as he expanded America’s borders with the Spanish American War, trade in China, and acquisitions of the Philippines and Hawaii, before he was assassinated. Teddy Roosevelt, who followed McKinley, made many reforms that Improved the food (meat packing factories in particular), built the Panama Canal, and built up American naval strength, both of which fostered the theme of American Imperialism set by McKinley. William Howard Taft continued the Progressive Era by reforming the American workplace at the time. Taft instituted the concept of an eight-hour workday as well as continuing to break up monopolies and trusts, such as American Standard Oil, more than Teddy Roosevelt had in his time as president . After the end of Tuft’s first term, Roosevelt felt he hadn’t done enough as president and ran against him under the Bull-Moose party. This led to Taft and Roosevelt splitting Republican votes and a moderate Democrat, Woodrow Wilson, winning the election. From 1892 to 1928 the Republicans were winning at or above 50% in all regions besides the south, a region Democrats considered their base at the time, the sole exception being in 1912 when Teddy Roosevelt ran against William Howard Taft under the Bull-Moose Party. This resulted in Taft and Teddy Roosevelt splitting the Republican vote . This demonstrates how strong the Republicans were during the System of 1896 wrought the nation. Wilson would lead the nation through World War I and with it create a prosperous nation. But by the end of his presidency it was his failed ideas that would stick with him and the Democratic Party leading to Republicans controlling the White House for the next twelve years. Willow’s successes included creating the Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission and Clayton Antitrust Act. In addition he was president when the 19th amendment, woman’s right to vote, was ratified. However, what he’ll always be remembered for was the idea of the League of Nations which would help dead to his party’s losses in the next election. The next twelve years of Republican presidents were generally indistinct, remembered primarily for Herbert Hover’s inability to deal with the Great Depression, leading to the election of Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt as president. THE NEW DEAL AND THE GREAT SOCIETY (1933-1969) The Great Depression changed the way government operated in the United States. Under FED and the New Deal the US Government grew to the largest it has ever been . Figure 1 Instead of the government being there to protect the people in times of crisis when Americans needed help, the New Deal dramatically changed the scope of government. The government changed from reactionary to precautionary, resulting in a larger, more involved federal government. FED and the New Deal helped guide the nation out of the Great Depression and through World War II, but not without changing the federal government forever. The effects of this change are still seen today with welfare, Social Security, and the Tennessee Valley Authority among other government programs created by the New Deal. After FED came Truman and the Marshall Plan continuing the trend of the United States becoming a global power by offering aid to Europe to rebuild from the aftermath of World War II and the threat of Communism. Truman also presided over the creation of the United Nations, establishment of Israel as a country, the Berlin the mold of Fad’s ideologies. After 20 years of Democratic presidents, moderate Republican and war hero Dwight D. Eisenhower won the presidency. Eke oversaw the building of the interstate highway system, as well as the beginnings of the Space Race, and the Civil Rights Era. These accomplishments were good, but did not signal a full shift from the important issues odd FED and Trauma’s presidencies. Following Eisenhower presidency civil rights became a focus of national politics and focal points of both KEF and Lab’s presidencies. Lyndon B. Johnson would represent the end of the Democratic hold on the presidency. Despite his role in the civil rights movement, ending all forms of segregation, and â€Å"The Great Society’, he will be remembered for beginning involvement in the Vietnam War. American involvement in Vietnam would be critical in leading Richard Nixon and the Republicans to taking the presidency. REAGAN REVOLUTION (1981- ) Ronald Reagan is one of the most popularizing presidents in our nation’s history and was the father of the last era of presidencies in the United States. You read "Election a benchmark election" in category "Papers" Ronald Reagan defeated sitting president Jimmy Carter in the 1980 election. Carter will be remembered for the oil crisis and gas shortage, the recession, the Iran hostage crisis, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. This propelled the American people to elect Ronald Reagan, and not by a small margin. In 1980 Ronald Reagan won 489 electoral votes and 50. 8% of the popular vote to Carter’s 49 votes and 41%. In 1984 Reagan would win 525 votes and 58. Of the vote to Walter Module’s 13 votes and 40. 6% . It was unprecedented to see a Republican to do so well nationally, as the South had been a Democratic lock. In the lead up to the 1980 election the South had been moving towards the Republican stronghold it has become. In the 1950 midterms, Republicans had won Just two seats in the House from the South. In 1980 Republicans won around 40% of seats . As president, Reagan would oversee economic growth through lowering taxes and using supply side economics, the pushing back of the Soviets and thawing of the Cold War, and progress of his goal to hiring the federal government (see figure 1). Reggae’s view of conservatism has been evident from then until now. George H. W. Bush, Reggae’s Vice President, would continue following Reggae’s beliefs while president. In 1982 approximately 35% of the nation identified themselves as Republicans, by 1994 it had increased to 43%5. George Bush as president oversaw the fall of both the Soviet Union and Berlin Wall, led a successful Persian Gulf War, and would institute the Americans with Disabilities Act. President Bush would lose reelection when he raised taxes, against his promise of â€Å"read my lips: no new taxes† . This provided the opportunity for a moderate Democrat from Arkansas, Bill Clinton, to win the 1992 Presidential election. Clinton continued to strengthen the economy, but in a different way than Reagan. Clinton balanced the federal budget by raising taxes and reforming the welfare systems put in place by FED in the New Deal. In line with Reggae’s policies he ensured that there was free trade between North American countries with NONFAT. Following Clinton, George W. Bush was elected President based on many of his that would dictate his presidency (Afghanistan and Iraq). In addition to the wars, the ND of Bush’s presidency saw the beginning of another major recession, leading to the election off liberal democrat, Barack Obama. Has the Reagan Revolution ended? We may not know for another 5-10 years. Despite Obama, a liberal Democrat, being elected president, many of Reggae’s ideas are still championed by Tea Party Republicans. This faction of the Republican Party seeks a smaller federal government, smaller federal budget, and more rights being returned to the states, as opposed to being federal issues. WHAT HAS CAUSED THIS PATTERN TO EXIST The past 150 years can be divided into four distinct eras. The first two marked by Republican presidencies, the third, and longest of the periods, a Democratic era, and finally a return to Republican control of the presidency with the Reagan Revolution. When looking at each era, a few things are evident; one or two great presidents define every one of these time periods, those presidents’ party is the dominant party of the era, one bad presidency or event can end the era, and that in between each era there is some form of realignment. It is these conditions meshed together that create a pattern of presidential dynasties to exist in America. The top 10 presidents in history are (in order) FED, Teddy Roosevelt, Lincoln, Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Wilson, Truman and Eisenhower. Outside of the founding fathers each of these presidents were part of one of these eras, either as the one whose ideologies defined the era or as the moderate of the other party who followed these ideologies, but with their party’s themes. The only president whose policies defined an era not on this list was Reagan. According to a 2012 Gallup Poll 19% of Americans, the most common answer, thought Ronald Reagan is the Greatest in US history. Callus’s top 10 consists of Reagan, Lincoln, Clinton, Kennedy, Washington, FED, Obama, Teddy Roosevelt, Truman, and George W. Bush. When broken down by party the results are similar. Figure 2 A great president defines an era, but how does the era end? These presidential dynasties end via a realignment of political issues in the United States. This can be caused by a single event in history, for example The Great Depression, or a bad president who brings forth a need for change, such as Herbert Hoover or, potentially, George W Bush, who impact is not yet known. The era of Lincoln ended when a trio of Republican presidents (Hayes, Garfield and Arthur) did nothing to move the country forward. The System of 1896 ended ender Hoover when the US entered the Great Depression allowing FED to win the presidency for the Democrats. The era of the New Deal and the Great Society ended when LB] entered the Vietnam War. Finally the Reagan Revolution may have ended after the George W. Bush saddled the country with two wars and an economic crisis. While not all these presidents are historically bad, Lyndon B Johnson is historically remembered as an above average president due to the policies enacted during the Great Society, the majority of these presidents are remember for the harm they caused to America rather than any good they may have provided. For example George W. Bush led us through the worst terrorist attack in American history, 9/1 1, but his failures outweighed his successes and have cost the Republican Party in Republican dominance. A different issue has defined each era, so what causes the changes in issues? Realignment is a dramatic change in an era of politics. This includes a change in the dominating issues, dominant party and even changes to the party bases. The signs of realignment include a flurry of political activity not normal to U. S. Politics (I. E. Progressive Era, New Deal, Great Society, Ergonomics), a single party controlling the House, Senate, and White House, and the emergence of a third party. â€Å"To bring about a realignment, the new issue must be one that cuts across the existing line of party cleavage. -James Conduits . Each of these eras had a cross cutting issue that divided the country, and therefore needed someone to unify them. Lincoln had to deal with slavery, both the System of 1896 and the New Deal had to deal with economic hardship. The Great Society had to face the issue of race in America once again. Each of these issues divided the existing parties forcing individuals to real ign based on new party beliefs. The issue can’t be a small issue, such as a setting a national driving age, it must be popularizing that everyone must pick a side, like the issue of slavery during the Civil War. Realignment causes old cleavage issues to fade away. This can be seen today because the New Deal is no longer a dividing issue among people, while in the sass’s and sass’s it divided Republicans and Democrats across the country. A third party arises when both major parties in power straddle the issue. The third party forces one of the two major parties to adopt the issue and if not the third party rises power (e. G. Republicans and slavery during the sass’s). The New Deal era is the best example of a realigning election. Franklin Roosevelt won 472 electoral votes and 57. 4% of the vote . In addition to the presidential election, the Democrats made big strides in Congressional elections. Democrats gained 90 seats in the House and nine in the Senate , signaling a major shift in issues for the At-enact people. WILL WE ENTER A NEW PRESIDENTIAL ERA OR HAVE WE REACHED THE END? Barack Obama is not a disciple of the Reagan Revolution, if anything he is a disciple of the New Deal. Does this mean the Reagan Revolution is over? Is Obama the beginning of a new era, dominated by Democrats? Or have we reached the point where the patterns are over and there will no longer be a dominant party in America? If you look solely at history it points towards the emergence of â€Å"The Obama Era† of the American presidency. Obama was president when the United States exited the recession, much like FED and McKinley. When he was first elected in 2008 it was the highest percentage of voter turnout since 1968, signaling the potential of it being a realignment election . The beginning of Beam’s first turn was filled with active legislating, including the passing of the Affordable Care Act. All of these events fit into James Squint’s Theory of Partisan Realignment. What about today’s current political conditions? Yes, many of the conditions that existed during Beam’s first term are similar to the pattern of other presidential eras, faction of the conservative right. The Tea Party fits in line with the small government beliefs of the Reagan Revolution and not Beam’s belief in a large, active federal government. If the Tea Party does rise to power its ideologies would be a shift from Beam’s. In addition to the third party not aligning with Beam’s views, their influence has been steadily decreasing over time. Secondly, there is no outbreak of political activity. The opposite is true as both the House and Senate find themselves gridlocked, unable to pass any legislation. Figure 3 The most recent Congress has been the least productive of the past 32 congresses . This is in part due to straight line partisan voting by members of Congress when both the House and Senate are almost evenly split in membership as is. During the previous presidential eras either members of Congress were able to work with each other to pass legislation or one party dominated the government so it was possible force any legislation through Congress. These conditions no longer exist as the United States Government becomes more and more popularized. Where does all of these leave the future America? It is always safe to look back because history does have a tendency to repeat itself, but with the current conditions it isn’t likely that Democrats will hold the White House for a long time. Since Gallup began monitoring presidential approval ratings, starting with Harry Truman, the two presidents who have defined their respective eras, Reagan and Johnson, have both had average approval ratings above 50%, 52. 8% and 55. 1% respectively. Beam’s current average its below 50% at 48% . A president with an approval rating less than 50% isn’t going to set the tone for future presidents if less than half the nation approves of him. Another strike against an â€Å"Obama Era† is following the 2008 election there was potential for realignment, but it never actually happened. Movements such as Occupy Wall Street faded away while the Tea Party’s voice only got stronger. The Democrats had a chance to grab hold of the government but didn’t take it. In the following 2010 midterm elections the Republicans picked up a net of 63 seats to gain back control of the House and a net of six seats in the Senate. This isn’t to say that it is impossible for President Obama can’t be the start of a new era of Democratic presidents but given recent history it is unlikely. CONCLUSION As President of the United States one has the potential to shape the nation. The electorate rewards these presidents (Lincoln, both Roosevelt, LB], and Reagan) by electing presidents who emulate those same positive ideologies. This led to the creation of eras of dominance by a single party. These eras produced some of most prosperous times in American history. However, the time of single party dominance has ended. The government has become more popularized, which has led to partisan gridlock. The people have been losing faith in the government to actually get anything done, which seems to be a result of new popularization, illustrated by the â€Å"Do- nothing Congress†. As a result the electorate changes its views and votes for the other party hoping they will actually be able to break the gridlock in government. This is not to say there will never be another great president like Lincoln or Roosevelt again, but the time of presidential eras is reaching its end, unless the federal government becomes less popularized. How to cite Election a benchmark election, Papers

Nursing Mitral Stenosis

Question: Write about theNursingfor Mitral Stenosis. Answer: Introduction This case study examines the condition of Mr Tupa Savea who suffers from mitral stenosis though his condition is described as stable. The causes and risk factors of aortic stenosis are explicated in this case study in a very clear manner. Therefore, it would be important to note that the narrower the valve the severe the case and for that reason the patient needs immediate medical attention so as to reduce the volatility rate of risk factor to the said patient. The basic remedy for this condition is surgery so as to fully reinstate the situation and aid the patient from the high chances of fatality that is clearly evident of such cases if swift attention is not taken into consideration (Aronow Fleg, 2004). The major cause of this condition is the rheumatic heart diseases which is further facilitated by the bacterium that is produced by the body as it starts working to attack the heart resulting to such case. Other factors that results to this are calcification around the valve and c ongenital problems. There are various complications that are evident in this condition that may worsening the state of the patients. The commonest one is the heart failure which becomes very clear when the situation worsens and thereby making the patient have short breath and high retention of fluid due to the narrowness of the fluid in the system. This situation is further augmented by the fatigues of the entire body. A blood clot is another risk factor that is associated to this state as the blood may be blocked from travelling to the various parts of the body due to the clotting that is clear in that area of the heart (Johnson, 2008). Anticoagulants such as the prescriptions indicated below are the common medication for this state. These are Rivaroxaban (Xarelto), Dabigatran (Pradaxa), Apixaban (Eliquis), Heparin (various) a Warfarin(Coumadin). It is incumbent to note that this type of medication is very expensive and thereby it is expected that the family will spend a lot of mon ey to realize this medication. It is indeed burdensome for the family members to raise that amount of money on regular basis since this type of treatment is not a onetime process but a continual process to facilitate full recovery of the patient (Anderson, 2015). In nutshell most of the medication for this conditions are very expensive and thereby it will be a herculean task for the family to solicit or rather raise such huge amount of money to cater for the medical bills most importantly if the firm has not enrolled in any scheme such as health insurance that can be at least relatively cheaper for the family. Chest pain (angina It is ideal to note that Mitral stenosis is the illness in which the mitral valve narrows and thereby hinders the general flow of blood through the valve causing some complications to the patient experiencing such condition. This in essence cause the chest pain to the patient who undergoes the said condition due to complexity of the narrowness of the valve which further hinders the general flow of the blood and fluid in the heart to the other parts of the body (Desai Allen, 2016). The provision of Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitorsare good medicine to aid this state. Rapidity in heart beats Some of the notable symptoms of this conditions are chest pain or what is commonly referred to as angina, irregular heartbeats and, more so its rapid, reduction in doing a given activity as anticipated and lastly the murmuring of the heart (Chang, 2005). This are general symptoms of aortic stenosis. Since the flow of the blood incredibly reduces and therefore this results to high rapidity of the heart beat which also raise the blood pressure as such. syncope Syncope is a medical term that means the loss of consciousness which in most cases makes one to faint. This condition is common to Mitral stenosis patient since the blood flow incredibly reduces to other parts of the body and most particularly to the brain and therefore making one faint (Sommers Credo Reference (Firm), 2015). Anticoagulation medication is the best therapy to aid in the flow of blood so that there is smooth flow of blood to the rest of the body parts and thereby reduces the chances of one experiencing the syncope state. Heart murmur The heart murmur is another symptom that suggests that one undergoes Mitral stenosis. This is commonly felt when one wheezes. The wheezing rate increases as the person has difficulty in breathing normally and thereby struggles during this process. The best medication to aid this particular condition is Water' tablets (diuretics) (Todd Higgins, 2005). The aforementioned medicines aids in breathlessness state for the patient to have general regular manner of breathing. pressure The narrowness of the valve is the major contributor of the fast rate of the flow of blood which in turn results to high pressure. Notably, it is ideal to state that there is corrective medical treatment for this condition. Apixaban (Eliquis)is the ideal medicine for this condition as it softens the valve to allow adequate supply of the blood and as such reducing the high pressure that is exhibited in this matter. According to Ignatavicius and Workman (2015), the two main classes of drugs that can be administered at this stage and results to significant positive results are Calcium Channel Blockers which is umbrellad in diuretics. It is important to state some of the prescriptions of this class as follows; Amlodipine (Norvasc, Lotrel), Diltiazem (Cardizem, Tiazac), Felodipine (Plendil), Nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia) and Nimodipine (Nimotop) among others. The second class of drugs that can play a very significant role in aiding the patient who does undergo this situation is the Anticoagulation medication (Du, Le Coetzee, 2011). This mostly prescribed to those who have developed the atrial fibrillation. This has really helped in curbing the problem of blood clotting which in large extent has resulted to the high blood pressure kin a particular patient. If the two classes of medicine are administered in tandem with each other there is high probability of the patient recovering well since all th e considerations would have been put in place to see to it that the patient who does experience the same symptoms does undergo the medical help to further recuperate to their state of normalcy (Landrum, 2012). There are various ways in which mitral stenosis can be diagnosed. A doctor may use the stethoscope to determine the magnitude of wheezing in the patients or what is commonly referred to as heart murmur. The doctor may further diagnose this condition by determining the pulse rate of their patient so as to fully aid the patient in the process of recovering. Similarly, anticoagulants are mostly used to aid a patient who suffers from heart attack and stroke. Warfarin is a type of anticoagulants that has to be taken cautiously so as to fully aid the patient in their recovery process. However, it the prescription are not followed well, it may not be of any significant help to the patient. Dietary monitoring is another notable way of aiding the patient to recuperate from this mitral stenosis. It has been observed that the patient is expected to take low amount of vitamin K (Burke, LeMone Mohn-Brown, 2007). The nurse ought to take a clear medical history of Mr Tupa Savea is a 54 who has a history of mitral stenosis. The early diagnostic indicates that Mr Saveas diagnostic signs are PR 90 bpm and high body temperatures of about 36.9C; SpO2 98% on oxygen 8L/min via Hudson It is important to underscore that mitral stenosis generally affects the aging people. Nevertheless, the same condition may also affect the young people due to problem associated with birth. Practically, as a registered nurse, close monitoring is very important for this type of patient. It is the prerogative of the nurse to see to it that the closely monitor the progress of their patient so as to determine how they are faring on the view of administering better medication for them (Ignatavicius, Workman, Blair, Rebar Winkelman, 2016). The best way to realize this is also by offering home based care which in most cases it has been seen to have played a very significant role in the whole process of recovery. The role of n urses at this stage is very important as they may be able to raise alarm if the situation continues to worsen. There are various nursing diagnostic measures that a nurse has to take into consideration so as to fully aid this particular patient. The acute pain should be critically looked into for appropriate medical help. Within the first 24 hours of patients admission the nurse should collect the previous history of the patient so as to aid them in their process of subjecting the patient to medical treatment. Some of the key areas that the nurse has to handle or put into considerations is the pulsing rate of the patient, murmuring of the heart (Diali, Toulabi, Gholami, Khademi Tarrahi, 2016). Moreover, the nurse should be able to identify whether the patient has been experiencing unconsciousness condition. Another notable question that the nurse should ask is whether the patient experience angina or rather the chest pain which is also associated to this stenosis condition. Most importantly the nurse should find out is the type of medication and treatment that the patient has previously been taking. This a very crucial question as it will assist the medic who would take after to know what are some of the precautionary measures that they have to employ in their process of dispensing their services (Cl arke, 2015). In order for the nurse to have a clear condition of their patient, it would be ideal for the nurse to collect clear symptoms of aortic stenosis. Now that Mr Saveas has been readmitted to coronary care unit (CCU), it will be ideal for the nurses to take a keen look of his progress to aid in taking the medication that was prescribed to him. References Anderson, K. M. P. D. F. N. P. (2015).The Advanced Practice Nurse Cardiovascular Clinician. Aronow, W. S., Fleg, J. L. (2004).Cardiovascular disease in the elderly. New York: Marcel Dekker. Burke, K. M., LeMone, P., Mohn-Brown, E. (2007).Medical-surgical nursing care. 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